Keynes vs. Hayek

If your economics program was like mine, Keynes was the only economist you were taught about in college.  Take a few minutes and rectify the “oversight” with this brilliant video.  It manages to be fun, fair, and cover the salient points of an ongoing debate.

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Apologetics Minute: God as Cosmic Engineer

I was listening to the White Horse Inn the other day and came across an interview with professional skeptic Michael Shermer.  While talking about whether God exists (at 2:55), he offered up this gem:

“I’d be very surprised if it turns out there was a God.  But in any case, what does that even mean?  Just some sort of higher power that is capable of genetic engineering and creating planets and universes.  That’s really just an engineering problem–just something like us scaled up considerably.  Take Moore’s law and carry it out for 50,000 years and you get what is essentially a deity–you know, a supercomputer that would be omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent.  That is what God is defined as, and we’re on our way to becoming that anyhow.  What would it mean to discover that there was a God?  It wouldn’t really mean anything to me.”

Such an approach to the question can throw Christians at first.  Even setting aside the blind faith in raw computing power, most Christians do not think about God as a mere cosmic engineer.  No science, no matter how advanced, could be an adequate substitute in our minds.  Out first instinct is therefore usually to clarify–to explain more precisely what we mean by “God.”  This, of course, is a rather daunting task–one which some of the greatest minds in history have grappled with with varying degrees of success.  What is more, this sort of metaphysical argument is rather easy to get bogged down in. Before you know it, you’re having a heated discussion about some tangential speculation about God’s nature that’s only barely relevant to Christianity.  Such debates can be philosophically edifying, but they usually don’t make for good apologetic conversations.

Thankfully, it’s usually easier than all that.  As it turns out, Shermer only takes another couple of seconds to reveal that he doesn’t really think of God that way either.  He immediately goes on to say this:

“In any case, I’m not particularly worried about it because why would a deity care one way or another about whether I believed or not?  Isn’t it more important how you purported yourself in life, how you treated other people…?  I think it matters more how you behave.”

When he takes this opportunity to knock salvation by faith, Shermer reveals that he is, in fact, quite confident that the very same God that he, as an agnostic, claims is completely veiled from his perception is more concerned about whether he’s a good person than whether he believes in Him.  Though he allegedly can’t even tell whether God exists, he is nevertheless quite willing to speak about His character and concerns.  It seems that Shermer has a better idea about who God is than he is willing to admit, and “mere cosmic engineer” doesn’t even begin to describe it.  Engineering, after all, doesn’t have much to do with morality.  Reducing God to an engineer means reducing the universe to a machine.  Mechanics, however, are insufficient to undergird a concept of people “being good” in any kind of moral sense.

Shuemer’s latent beliefs should be no surprise.  As Paul puts it in Romans 1:19-20, “what may be known about God is plain to [men] because God has made it plain to them.  For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities–his eternal power and divine nature–have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.”  Just a few paragraphs later, Paul proceeds to point out that Shermer is, in a sense, right about God caring more about what we do than about what we believe.

“To those who by persistence in doing good seek glory, honor, and immortality, he will give eternal life. But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger. There will be trouble and distress for every human being who does evil: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile; but glory, honor, and peace for everyone who does good: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. For God does not show favoritism.” (Rom 2:7-11)

The problem, of course, is that a moment’s honesty reveals that “being a good person” is pretty much academic at this point (as Paul goes on to point out).  We’ve all spent our lives lying, cheating, and hurting those closest to us.  Who hasn’t snapped at his wife when she didn’t deserve it without even apologizing?  Who hasn’t been completely thoughtless towards friends when they were in need?  Who hasn’t undeservedly antagonized their parents as a teenager?  “Everybody does that” is less of an excuse than it is an indictment.  Does the suffering of others suddenly not matter when everyone hurts people?  Psychologically writing off the bad things everybody does is a coping mechanism that humans need in order to function in a broken world.  Nevertheless, we can’t let that attitude overcome the very basic observation that we do not do as we ought–we are not good people.  So since we’ve screwed up the things about which even skeptics can discern God cares, maybe we should be looking at another option.  And contrary to Shermer’s attitude later in that interview, maybe we should be willing to consider the evidence for its being true.

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“But I Could Be Wrong”

Those are the five words that this contributor to Fox News thinks will save the Church, and it seems to be a fairly common sentiment among the Emergent crowd. Different theological and moral beliefs are a frequent source of friction, and many imagine that if we are only less confident in expressing them, the friction will begin to resolve.

Many people believe along with the author that this “humility” regarding our beliefs will “prevent public brawls between Christians who differ in their opinions on social and theological issues.” Would this approach really be successful, though? It seems to me that this sentiment already seems to underlie every such conversation. At the very least, most of us already believe those who disagree with us could be wrong without their having to confirm it for us. Likewise, aside from a very few arrogant exceptions, most of us have experience discovering that we were wrong about things, and the ongoing possibility of it really does occur to us from time to time. The big issue in these brawls doesn’t seem to be that people admit no possibility of being wrong, but that people act as though they are right. For example, I doubt a pro-choice person will be very satisfied if a pro-life Christian added a few but-we-could-be-wrong’s in their speech but continued to vote and otherwise staunchly support the pro-life cause. Likewise, I would take no comfort in a pro-choice person verbally admitting she might be wrong and then going right on supporting the ongoing slaughter of the unborn. If “but I could be wrong” provides us with any comfort in such disagreements, it’s because we think it indicates that the other side will be less likely to behave against our own wishes in the future.

Now there’s no question that there are Christians who are huge jerks even when they talk about Christ—the Church is full of sinners, after all. Nevertheless, I can’t say that I’ve observed an excess of confidence in our own message among my fellow American Christians—quite the opposite. Take, for example, the author of this piece who seems to think the Church needs us to save it. I suppose he thinks Jesus should have added that He could be wrong when He promised that the gates of Hell will not prevail against His Church (Matthew 16:18). Perhaps something like this would be more appealing to him:

“Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! [but I could be wrong]. For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my father who is in heaven. [but I could be wrong]. And I tell you, you are Peter [but I could be wrong], and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it [but I could be wrong]. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven [but I could be wrong], and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven [but I could be wrong].”

Gee, it’s almost like the insertions contradict with what Jesus is actually teaching. I can’t help but notice that if we understand all of Jesus’ teachings in such a way, we would cease to be Christians at all.

Now, God works through means, so He might very well save His Church through the actions of Christians and non-Christians alike—He certainly has before. Nevertheless, as far Christians are concerned, our goal is not to find a pragmatic means of saving the Church, but to do what has been given us to do. For the jerks among us, that means giving answers with gentleness and respect (2 Peter 3:15-16). Maybe that means actually listening to those who disagree. Maybe that means being more genuine about our own doubts and experiences as well as those of others. None of these things, however, have anything at all to do with adding a hint of “but I could be wrong” to our assertions.

This is the tragic flaw in most of postmodernism, including its religious expressions in the so-called emerging church. It seeks to resolve conflicts and provide peace by encouraging people to be weak-kneed about their convictions. Unfortunately, the motivation to resolve conflicts and provide peace can only come from confident convictions about peace being valuable. What is more, it takes very little time before you see that people have all sorts of confident ideas about what peace is supposed to look like—ideas that speak to further values.  If we are going to live in any measure of happiness, it will only be because people become more right about what is valuable—not more wishy-washy. Likewise, if the Church is to be “saved,” it will because Christians begin to be everything that Christ has given us to be. Thankfully, the Holy Spirit is already at work making us precisely that.

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Parenting without Boundaries for Humans without Natures

I’ve seen a few sites churning over this story of a couple of foolish parents who are trying to raise a genderless baby so that he/she/it/they can make his/her/its/their own decision on the subject whenever he/she/it/they wants to.  The problems with the notion of being “genderless” and the reduction of male/female to plumbing differences which allegedly have absolutely nothing to do with anything at all! have been well covered elsewhere.

What has been overshadowed by the parents’ foolish perspective on gender, however, is their very rejection of the vocation of parent.  They describe their indecision as “a tribute to freedom and choice in place of limitation.”  This kind of “parenting” typically arises out of some form of relativism.  We are told that there is not any way people are supposed to be;  we only think there is because we were raised with a myriad of rules and traditions imposed on us by our culture.  Parents in general are often resented for having been too limiting by keeping their children from the things they really wanted.  Now that mankind is more enlightened, we can just get rid of this cumbersome baggage and grow to be whatever glorious beings we want to be.  From such a perspective, refraining from providing their child with rules and guidance is preemptively freeing them–they would grow up without any baggage to discard.

The problem with this is that human beings are not content to make decisions as such.  We want to make decisions that are good, informed, wise, etc.  Despite their efforts to the contrary, even these parents realize this on some level.  For example, they recognized the need for “good parenting skills” which could presumably be somehow distinguished from poor parenting skills.  Good, poor, informed, wise, and all the rest have something in common–they imply conformity.  Far from being detrimental to human free will, conformity is necessary for its fulfillment.  As G.K. Chesterton put it in Orthodoxy, “You can praise an action by saying that it is calculated to bring pleasure or pain, to discover truth or to save the soul.  But you cannot praise an action because it shows will; for to say that is merely to say that it is an action.  By this praise of will, you cannot really choose one course as better than another.  And yet, choosing one course as better than another is the very definition of the will you are praising.”

Part of being a parent is giving children opportunities to conform to things that are good.  This experience provides the very basis of their ability to make good decisions.  Parents who do not give their children rules, culture, and tradition–even for issues which are not moral absolutes–are impoverishing them.  Parental decisions become the basis for the decisions of their offspring.  If a child grows into an ability to consistently make good decisions, it is most likely because they observed and obediently experienced their parents’ decisions.  If they know how to love their neighbors at all, it is because their parents told them to say please/thank you, to share, to not bully them or harm them, etc–because their parents gave them rules.  Too many parents are so afraid of rules stunting their child’s growth that they provide no basis for them to grow at all.

There is no avoiding having a sense of how people are supposed to be.  Once you scratch the surface, you are bound to find of this hidden even in the most relativistic babble.  Do they throw their child out of the house because there are an infinite number of ways to acquire food & shelter, and they want to let him make his own decision on how?  Do they let the child defecate anywhere she pleases rather than confining her to the cultural hegemony of toilets?  There are some decisions that children are simply unequipped to make well without guidance from their parents.

And whether they want it to or not, that guidance does come.  What fools to think that they are giving absolutely no emotional reaction when they take their children to choose their own clothes.  Do they really think their own flesh and blood is so incapable or relating to them or so uninterested in what they think?  Are they really so disinterested that they don’t care what their child, who they love, does?  On the contrary, I think it very likely both that they emote their pride when their children conform to their ideology and that the children seek out more of their parents’ approval–just like any other child.  In the end, they are still telling their children how to be; they are merely deciding to be absentminded about it at best, and passive-aggressive at worst.

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Paradoxology: Finale

We spent a great deal of time on examining how paradox is mishandled—how pride in an ability to embrace paradox can itself damage the paradox that is to be embraced. But how can we resist such a temptation—particularly when so few Christians in America are willing to embrace paradox at all? How can we make a good confession without relying on a rejection of reason?

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Paradoxology Part 4: The Consequences of Rejecting Reason

Last time, we saw that it is not reason that destroys a paradox; it is when we put reason in God’s place by allowing it to overrule God’s promises. And so paradox is not protected by rejecting reason, but by embracing it rightly. In the example of the theology of the cross, we should not claim to be utterly unable to discern good from evil with our reason, but rather admit to not knowing how God redeems evil into good in most day-to-day cases. This is why our reason must be tempered by virtue with the humility to say “I don’t know” and by God with the faith to say “God has told me what I need.”

But why is approaching this paradox rightly a big deal? As we observed last time, even the Lutherans who stray too far into a rejection of reason do not really confess what they sometimes seem to say: that evil is really good—that the goods of sickness and death will follow us into heaven or that we shouldn’t thank God for His earthly gifts to us because we cannot know that they are good. What is more, heresy typically has its root in a preacher wanting something which orthodoxy will not allow; who would want to teach such things? But as we noted in part 2 with respect to predestination, erring in one point often leads to errors in many others.

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Paradoxology Part 3: Lutherans Mishandling Paradox

As we saw in Part 2, paradoxes are not contradictions and therefore accepting them does not necessitate rejecting reason. Nevertheless, paradox is difficult to accept primarily because our reason wants—nay, needs—to understand; understanding is, after all, the very thing our reason is for. It makes a kind of sense that Lutherans would be inclined to keep reason at arm’s length. And so when paradoxes are brought up, many (not all) Lutherans react by telling us that our wicked and fallen reason must be distrusted, ignored and rejected. Many go so far as to imply in their protests that our reason is only right in the way a stopped clock is (occasionally, but merely by coincidence). But do such actions really preserve paradox?

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Paradoxology Part 2: Refusing Paradox

Scripture presents Christians with a number of paradoxes—places where unresolved tension exists between two or more teachings.  One of the thornier issues is the doctrine of predestination—that God Himself chooses who will be saved.  How is the Lutheran approach to issues like this different from others’?

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Paradoxology Part 1: What is a Paradox?

What exactly is a paradox and why is it important to theology? Simply put, a paradox is a kind of riddle or puzzle that a person comes across—something that appears to be a contradiction, but really is not. Perhaps the most famous example of this is the chicken and the egg.

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Paradoxology: An Introduction

If you’ve ever argued over theological controversies with Lutherans, you’ve no doubt heard us boast of our comfort with paradox. We will often overtly embrace a set of Biblical teachings that just don’t seem to add up. For those of us who appreciate reasoned discourse, embracing a paradox often seems like cheating—holding a doctrine that doesn’t make sense is just not something we deem acceptable. Nevertheless, sometimes paradoxes are true while explanations that make sense are false. Nothing is more frustrating than when the facts get in the way of a perfectly good theory.

I am all for Christians making rational arguments—I even wrote a book on the subject. But sometimes reason is insufficient. As a Lutheran myself, I consider paradox to be an essential concept for rightly handling the doctrines of the faith that have been handed over to us. Our own understanding must be subject to Scripture, not vice versa. At the same time, however, any good thing can be abused, and this is no less true of the finer points of Christian doctrine. While many Christians err because they reject paradox, I am seeing more and more Lutherans err by a faulty way of embracing them.

Over my next few posts, I plan to take a closer look at theological paradox. Part One will cover the nature of paradox and introduce its importance to theology. Part Two will explore one of the most thorny paradoxes in Scripture—the doctrine of predestination—and contrast the Lutheran approach with that of other Christian traditions that refuse to accept paradox. In Part Three, I will turn that same critical eye back to contemporary confessional Lutheranism and ask whether pride in our comfort with paradox is tempting us to our own mishandling of Scripture.

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